New chlamydia species discovered deep under the Arctic Ocean

 When people hear the word chlamydia, they usually think about sexually transmitted infections.

And it's true that the specific bacteria that causes chlamydia typically depend on interactions with other organisms to survive.

So when a team of researchers discovered several new chlamydia-related species deep below the Arctic Ocean, in a place with no oxygen and without an apparent host organism, they were 

"Finding Chlamydiae in this environment was completely unexpected, and of course begged the question what on earth were they doing there?" Jennah Dharamshi, a PhD student at Uppsala University in Sweden and the lead author of a recent study, said in a news release.

The findings, published last week in Current Biology, could shed new light on how chlamydia came to infect humans and other animals.

They came across a number of diverse cousins of chlamydia between 0.1 and 9.4 meters below the seafloor, and found that the new species were closely related to the bacteria that cause infections in humans and other animals.

Bacteria 'exceptionally abundant'

While the authors didn't find other host organisms that the new chlamydia-related bacteria depended on to survive, they said that the species could be getting fuel from other microorganisms deep in the ocean sediment.

"Finding that Chlamydia have marine sediment relatives has given us new insights into how chlamydial pathogens evolved," Dharamshi said.

A team of international researchers made the discovery by collecting samples during a visit to Loki's Castle, a field of hydrothermal vents in the Arctic Ocean between Greenland, Iceland and Norway.

What makes this discovery particularly interesting, scientists said, is the environment in which the bacteria were found.

At a level so deep beneath the ocean's surface, there's almost no oxygen and extremely high pressure. But researchers said they found that the new species of bacteria were "exceptionally abundant" in this part of the ocean -- in some cases, they were even the dominant bacteria.

That could suggest that chlamydia and related bacteria play a much bigger role in marine ecology than previously known, researchers said.

For now, scientists don't know for sure what that role is. But this latest discovery signals that there could be more of these bacteria deep under the ocean's surface. And that might lead to some answers.

Chlamydia Screening and CDC Treatment Recommendations

Chlamydia Screening Recommendations

During routine health care contacts, assess for infection with chlamydia women who:

are sexually active and 25 years of age or younger,

have new or multiple sexual partners, regardless of age,

have a history of sexually transmitted disease within the last year, regardless of age,

have partners who have had multiple partners within the last year, regardless of age.
Test all pregnant women at least once, regardless of age, including those who plan to terminate the pregnancy.

Re-screen all women who tested positive, especially adolescents, 3-4 months after treatment due to the high incidence of re-infection.

Note: The above recommendations are general guidelines based on national statistics. The prevalence of chlamydia in the immediate geographical area may warrant more or less aggressive screening activities and resources

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Chlamydia Prictures

These are some of the pictures taken to described the chlamydia in its inner and outer appearance.

This McCoy cell monolayer micrograph reveals a number of intracellular C. trachomatis inclusion bodies; Magnified 200X.

Chlamydia of men and women.

Chlamydia Symptoms

Before I go to the main topic about Chlamydia Symptoms let me give a bit overview about Chlamydia. The term Chlamydia refers to an infection by any one of the species in the bacterial genus, Chlamydia - Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia suis, Chlamydia muridarum —but of these, only Chlamydia trachomatis is found in humans.

Chlamydia is an asymptomatic disease for 50-70% of the female population. Of those who have an asymptomatic infection that is not detected by their doctor, approximately half will develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a generic term for infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and/or ovaries. PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive organ, which can later cause serious complications, including chronic pelvicpain, difficulty becoming pregnant, ectopic (tubal) preganancy, and other dangerous complications of pregnancy.

Chlamydia causes 250,000 to 500,000 cases of PID every year in the U.S. Women infected with chlamydia are up to five times more likely to become infected with HIV, if exposed.

Chlamydia is known as the "Silent Epidemic" because in women, it may not cause any symptoms and will linger for months or years before being discovered. Chlamydia Symptoms that may occur include: unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge, pain in the abdomen, painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia), fever, painful urination or the urge to urinate more frequently than usual.

Symptoms

MALE

• burning sensation during urination
• discharge from the penis
• testicular tenderness or pain
• rectal discharge or pain

FEMALE

• vaginal discharge
• burning sensation during urination
• painful sexual intercourse
• symptoms of PID, salpingitis, perihepatitis (liver inflammation similar to hepatitis)
• rectal pain or discharge