New chlamydia species discovered deep under the Arctic Ocean

 When people hear the word chlamydia, they usually think about sexually transmitted infections.

And it's true that the specific bacteria that causes chlamydia typically depend on interactions with other organisms to survive.

So when a team of researchers discovered several new chlamydia-related species deep below the Arctic Ocean, in a place with no oxygen and without an apparent host organism, they were 

"Finding Chlamydiae in this environment was completely unexpected, and of course begged the question what on earth were they doing there?" Jennah Dharamshi, a PhD student at Uppsala University in Sweden and the lead author of a recent study, said in a news release.

The findings, published last week in Current Biology, could shed new light on how chlamydia came to infect humans and other animals.

They came across a number of diverse cousins of chlamydia between 0.1 and 9.4 meters below the seafloor, and found that the new species were closely related to the bacteria that cause infections in humans and other animals.

Bacteria 'exceptionally abundant'

While the authors didn't find other host organisms that the new chlamydia-related bacteria depended on to survive, they said that the species could be getting fuel from other microorganisms deep in the ocean sediment.

"Finding that Chlamydia have marine sediment relatives has given us new insights into how chlamydial pathogens evolved," Dharamshi said.

A team of international researchers made the discovery by collecting samples during a visit to Loki's Castle, a field of hydrothermal vents in the Arctic Ocean between Greenland, Iceland and Norway.

What makes this discovery particularly interesting, scientists said, is the environment in which the bacteria were found.

At a level so deep beneath the ocean's surface, there's almost no oxygen and extremely high pressure. But researchers said they found that the new species of bacteria were "exceptionally abundant" in this part of the ocean -- in some cases, they were even the dominant bacteria.

That could suggest that chlamydia and related bacteria play a much bigger role in marine ecology than previously known, researchers said.

For now, scientists don't know for sure what that role is. But this latest discovery signals that there could be more of these bacteria deep under the ocean's surface. And that might lead to some answers.

WHO Launches New Treatment Guidelines for Chlamydia

More than 1 million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide. STIs present a major burden of disease and negatively affect people’s well-being across the globe. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis are three STIs which are all caused by bacteria and which can potentially be cured by antibiotics. Unfortunately, these STIs often go undiagnosed and due to antibiotic resistance, they are also becoming increasingly difficult to treat.

WHO has today launched new treatment guidelines to help address this issue. Based on the latest available evidence, the guidelines share new recommendations on the most effective treatments for these curable sexually transmitted infections.

It is estimated that, each year, 131 million people are infected with chlamydia, 78 million with gonorrhoea, and 5.6 million with syphilis. Infection with STIs can have a significant and negative impact upon a person’s overall health and well-being. People infected with an STI may be at risk of stigma and abuse, in addition to further psycho-social consequences, such as a negative effect upon personal relationships.

In addition, when left undiagnosed and untreated, curable STIs can result in serious complications and long-term health problems. For women this can include pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage. Untreated gonorrhoea and chlamydia can cause infertility in both men and women. If a woman has an untreated STI while pregnant, this can infect the baby, and may result in stillbirth or newborn death. Infection with chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis can also increase a person’s risk of being infected with HIV by two to three times

Chlamydia is the most common bacterial STI and people with this infection are frequently co-infected with gonorrhoea. Symptoms of chlamydia include discharge and a burning feeling when urinating, but most people who are infected have no symptoms. Even when chlamydia is asymptomatic, it can damage the reproductive system.

WHO is calling on countries to start using the updated guidelines immediately, as recommended in the Global Health Sector Strategy for STIs (2016-2021) endorsed by governments at the World Health Assembly in May 2016. The new guidelines are also in line with the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, adopted by governments at the World Health Assembly in May 2015.

When used correctly and consistently, condoms are one of the most effective methods of protection against STIs.

Chlamydia: Top Treatment Centers in United States

Most of people afraid to consult treatment center to have some test if they are infected of what we called Chlamydia. If you have chlamydia, chances are that you may exhibit few symptoms. Chlamydia symptoms may be mild and can easily go undetected. Women are more likely to experience few symptoms associated with the infection although chlamydia in men can also result in few or no symptoms. Signs of chlamydia usually appear between 1 and 3 weeks after infection, though sometimes they can take longer to manifest.

IF you are experiencing those mentioned SYMPTOMS either you do self 100% effective medication based on our study for 15 years or you consult the following treatment centers.

 

Top Treatment Centers:

1. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: Examination and treatment facilities are available for Chlamydia and other sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS. New York City residents may call 311 or send an SMS as 212 NEWYORK.

2. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN: A non-profit medical organization that treats many complex diseases and disorders including Chlamydia.

3. John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore: Ranked at No.1 among all hospitals for its reputed Gynecology department that deals with the treatment of Chlamydia and other venereal diseases.

4. Brigham Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA

5. Massachusetts General Hospital

6. Magee –Women Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA

7. San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA

8. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH

9. Stanford Hospitals and Clinics, Palo Alto, CA

10. North Western Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL

The 2nd European Conference of National Strategies for Chlamydia Trachomatis

Last May 23-24, 2013 the 2nd European Conference of National Strategies for Chlamydia trachomatis and Human Papillomavirus was held in Berlin. This is to discuss and provide an outstanding experience for learning and scientific exchange, a tradition consistent with previous European Chlamydia  and Papillomavirus conference. 

The organiser is confident that the conferece will spark the minds of both young as well as established researchers, epidemiologists, clinicians, health care funders, and laboratory doctors, and start valuable discussions, and enrich the Proceedings of this Symposium!

The challenge of the European health care is the recognition of Chlamydia trachomatis and Human Papillomovirus as a public health problem. Nucleic acid amplification tests are the optimal ones for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis, but are not routinely used in many countries. On-demand Human Papillomovirus vaccination provision tends to miss the lower socioeconomic groups and minorities, which are exactly the groups that are missed by the opportunistic cervical screening that still prevails in Europe.

This will be a great start to have a proper handling of this spreading infections.

For more details about the EFFECTIVE MEDICINES check TREATMENT OF CHLAMYDIA.

Chlamydia Screening and CDC Treatment Recommendations

Chlamydia Screening Recommendations

During routine health care contacts, assess for infection with chlamydia women who:

are sexually active and 25 years of age or younger,

have new or multiple sexual partners, regardless of age,

have a history of sexually transmitted disease within the last year, regardless of age,

have partners who have had multiple partners within the last year, regardless of age.
Test all pregnant women at least once, regardless of age, including those who plan to terminate the pregnancy.

Re-screen all women who tested positive, especially adolescents, 3-4 months after treatment due to the high incidence of re-infection.

Note: The above recommendations are general guidelines based on national statistics. The prevalence of chlamydia in the immediate geographical area may warrant more or less aggressive screening activities and resources

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How to Treat Chlamydia - Video

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Chlamydia Pictures: Be Aware!

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

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CHLAMYDIA PICTURES and SYMPTOMS

Below are the additional collection of pictures of the effects caused by Chlamydia. Some of these Chlamydia pictures are highly graphic.Information and pictures on this site are provided for informational purposes and are not meant to substitute for the advice provided by your own physician or other medical professionals. You should not use the information contained herein for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease, or prescribing any medication. If you have or suspect that you have a medical problem, promptly contact your health care provider or check the following tested medication for this kind of disease.

Chlamydia Examination for Women

A pelvic exam is done to check a woman's pelvic organs. It may be done as part of a routine physical exam or if a woman is having pelvic problems. During the exam, the woman lies on a table on her back, with her knees bent and her feet and legs supported by stirrups. The health professional inserts a metal or plastic device (speculum) into the woman's vagina. The speculum opens up and holds the sides of the vagina apart.

This allows the examiner to see the opening to the uterus (cervix) and to collect samples of cervical cells for a Pap test (a screening test for cervical cancer).The health professional also feels (palpates) a woman's pelvic organs to check their size and texture by inserting one or two gloved fingers into the vagina and pressing on the lower abdomen with the other hand. Sometimes this exam involves placing a finger in the vagina and rectum at the same time to feel the structures deeper in the pelvis. The woman should tell the health professional if it hurts when her organs are touched or moved.

Chlamydia Pelvic Examination - Video

Ways to Prevent Chlamydia

During my research, I found out that condom and vaginal pouch are some ways to less the chance of getting Chlamydia during sex intercourse. You need to have also a full awareness about this sexually transmitted disease in order to prevent it. What is Chlamydia? and What is the symptoms of this kind of disease? Ask yourself.

According to CDC – Center for Disease Control that the chances of contracting Chlamydia during sex is by using condoms. Planned Parenthood estimates that four million people will get chlamydia every year and many are not aware of it as they do not have any symptoms. Chlamydia is a sexually-transmitted disease (STD) that can be contracted from sexual contact via anal, oral or vaginal intercourse. Straight and gay couples can get this STD unless they are tested and practice safe sex using barrier methods such as condoms. Women who are infected can pass the STD to their infants. Wearing a condom during intercourse reduces the risk of getting Chlamydia but you might still get it if you engage in any form of unprotected sex.

The Centers for Disease (CDC) states that the only ways to prevent getting chlamydia are to abstain from sex or to have sex within a monogamous relationship where both partners are tested for STDs and disease-free. The CDC reported 1,030,911 cases of chlamydia in the U.S. of people not incarcerated.

Diagnostic Suggestion for Chlamydia

-->There are some ways on how to diagnose if you infected by chlamydia. There are some organizations like NHC, UK who offer free test. These are the things normally happened in diagnostic procedure:

• Examination of the cervix and of cervical discharge
• Laboratory culture or chemical tests of cells taken from the penis, cervix, urethra, or anus.

Patient must be aware that pap test may indicate if test for chlamydia are appropriate, but cannot diagnose chlamydia by themselves.

In terms of taking a medicine without prescription of any doctors, gonorrhea and chlamydia have similar symptoms but it doesn’t mean that penicillin will work. Let me repeat that, penicillin has no effect on Chlamydia but it can kill gonorrhea. Other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may also mask the symptoms of Chlamydia. You need to be aware of that. You need to take a medicine that is really design, tested and effectively cure chlamydia.

US Preventive Services Task Force

The United States Preventive Services Task Force is this country's leading source of recommendations and guidelines for screening tests, counseling, immunizations, and use of medications for disease prevention. It is composed of medical experts and is sponsored by the Department of Health and Human Services' Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).

The task force regularly conducts rigorous, impartial assessments of scientific evidence and develops recommendations for clinical preventive services.

Chlamydia Test

Test Overview

Chlamydia tests use a sample of body fluid or urine to see whether chlamydia bacteria (Chlamydia trachomatis) are present and causing an infection. Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in the United States.

Several types of tests can be used to find a chlamydia infection. Most tests use a sample of body fluid from the affected area.

• Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). These tests find the genetic material (DNA) of chlamydia bacteria. These tests are the most sensitive tests available. This means they are very accurate and that they are very unlikely to have false-positive test results. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is an example of a nucleic acid amplification test. This test can also be done on a urine sample.
• Nucleic acid hybridization tests (DNA probe test). A probe test also finds chlamydia DNA. A probe test is very accurate but is not as sensitive as nucleic acid amplification tests.
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, EIA). This common, quick test finds substances (chlamydia antigens) that trigger the immune system to fight chlamydia infection.
• Direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA). This common, quick test also finds chlamydia antigens.
• Chlamydia culture. A culture is a special cup that allows the chlamydia bacteria to grow. This test is more expensive and the results take longer (5 to 7 days) than the other tests. The culture must be done in a lab. The chlamydia culture test may be done when child sexual abuse is suspected or when treatment for infection has not worked.

Why It Is Done

A test for chlamydia is done to:

• See whether symptoms of a sexually transmitted disease (STD) are caused by a chlamydia infection.
• Check people who are at high risk for being infected with chlamydia. A chlamydia infection does not always cause symptoms. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends checking for chlamydia for:
  • All sexually active women age 25 or younger.
  • Women older than age 25 with high-risk sexual behaviors.
  • All pregnant women in the first trimester and again in the 3rd trimester if high-risk sexual behaviors are reported. Treating a pregnant woman who has a chlamydia infection can prevent an infection in her newborn.
  • All women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
  • All women with symptoms of a cervical infection (cervicitis) found on a pelvic exam.
• Check for infection in a newborn whose mother had a chlamydia infection at the time of delivery.

How To Prepare

A chlamydia test is done on either fluid (direct sample) collected from the area of the body that is most likely to be infected or on a urine sample. If your chlamydia test is being done on a:

• Direct sample (usually from the cervix): A woman should not douche or use vaginal creams or medicines for 24 hours before having a chlamydia test.
• Urine sample: Do not urinate for 2 hours before a urine sample is collected.

How It Is Done

Direct sample

In a direct sample, a sample of body fluid is taken from the affected area. In adults, these areas may include the cervix, urethra, rectum, or eye.

• For men. To collect a sample from the urethra or rectum, your health professional will insert a swab into the opening of your urethra or rectum to collect a sample. A sample from the urethra is more likely to detect chlamydia if a man has not urinated for at least 2 hours before the sample is taken.
• For women. To collect a sample from the cervix, you will take off your clothes below the waist and drape a cloth around your waist. You will lie on your back on an examination table with your feet raised and supported by stirrups. This allows your health professional to examine your vagina and genital area. Your health professional will insert an instrument with curved sides (speculum) into your vagina. The speculum gently spreads apart the vaginal walls so the inside of the vagina and the cervix can be looked at. Samples are collected from the cervix with a swab or small brush.
• To collect a sample from your eye, your health professional will gently brush the insides of your lower and upper eyelids with a swab.

In rare cases, a throat culture may be done.

Urine sample

If a urine sample is collected for nucleic acid amplification testing (such as PCR testing), do not urinate for 2 hours before the test. Do not wipe the genital area clean before urinating. Collect the first part of your urine stream, immediately as you begin urinating.

How It Feels

Collecting a sample of fluid from the urethra, anus, or rectum may cause mild discomfort or pain.

Collecting a sample from the cervix may cause mild discomfort. Most women find that the procedure feels like a Pap test or pelvic examination. Some women feel some cramping when the speculum is inside the vagina.

Collecting a sample from the eye is painless unless the eyelids have sores on them.

Risks

There is very little chance of problems when collecting a sample of fluid from the cervix, urethra, rectum, eyes, or throat.

In rare cases, a person may suddenly get dizzy or feel faint (called vasovagal syncope) because of fear or pain when the swab is inserted into the urethra.

Results

Chlamydia tests use a sample of body fluid or urine to see whether chlamydia bacteria (Chlamydia trachomatis) are present and causing an infection.

Chlamydia tests

Normal:	No chlamydia antigens or DNA are found. If a culture is done, no chlamydia bacteria grow in the culture. More tests for other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) may be needed to find the cause of symptoms.
Abnormal:	Chlamydia antigens or DNA are found. If a culture is done, chlamydia bacteria grow in the culture.

What Affects the Test

Reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include:

• Urinating before (within 2 hours) of collecting a urine sample or a sample of fluid from the urethra.
• Stool with the rectal sample.
• Using antibiotics before the test.
• Douching or using vaginal creams or medicines 24 hours before the test.

Picture of diseases cause by chlamydia

I listed some of the diseases picture cause by chlamydia and why we need to be serious about it.

Mucopurulent cervicitis due to chlamydia showing ectopy, edema, and discharge.









Chlamydial conjunctivitis occurs in two forms:

• neonatal type: acquired from an infected cervix. Most common cause of red eye in a newborn.
• adult type: acquired by sexual contact. Causes a chronic indolent conjunctivitis resistant to standard topical antibiotics.

Perihepatic adhesions (arrow) seen at laporoscopyh usually associated with pelvic gonorrhoeal or chlamydial infection (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome).









Lymphogranuloma venereum. Primary lesion presenting as an ulcer on the penis.











Chlamydophila abortus Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Diffuse coalescences between uterus and fallopian tubes (the ovary is hidden behind the coalscences).










Reactive arthritis caused by immunologic reactions to both genital and GI pathogens is an infrequent complication of adult chlamydial infections. It sometimes produces skin and eye lesions and noninfectious recurrent urethritis.





Urethritis in a heterosexual man who presented with dysuria and yellowish discharge. A swab of the discharge showed no growth on culture, but was positive by polymerase chain reaction for Chlamydia trachomatis.

Proctitis is an inflammation of the lining of the rectum (rectal mucosa). Sexually transmitted diseases are the most common cause, but other causes include inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, and non-sexually transmitted infections.






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Chlamydia Prictures

These are some of the pictures taken to described the chlamydia in its inner and outer appearance.

This McCoy cell monolayer micrograph reveals a number of intracellular C. trachomatis inclusion bodies; Magnified 200X.

Chlamydia of men and women.

Cervicitis. Chlamydia or Gonorrhea?

Cervicitis may or may not be due to an STD such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, the initial management depends on a woman's risk for STDs. For women at risk, treatment without laboratory confirmation should be undertaken.

Reiter's disease is a complication of untreated chlamydial infection (this patient). The clinical manifestations of Reiter's syndrome include acute arthritis/arthralgia, lower uro-genital tract inflammation, mucocutaneous inflammatory lesions and conjunctivitis. Urethritis is common in Reiter's syndrome. Acute Reiter's syndrome can also be accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, malaise, anorexia and weight loss.

Reiter's disease is a complication of untreated chlamydia infection (this patient). The clinical manifestations of Reiter's syndrome include acute arthritis/arthralgia, lower uro-genital tract inflammation, mucocutaneous inflammatory lesions and conjunctivitis. Acute Reiter's syndrome can also be accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, malaise, anorexia and weight loss. (Direct chlamydia infection in the eyes causes similar conjunctivitis.)

Medicine vs Chlamydia Symptoms

These are the list of medicines you can take if you experience the following chlamydia symptoms and/or if you found out that you already had this STD or infection.

Doxycycline Hyclate

Doxycycline Hyclate (Vibramycin) is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer, Inc. and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin. Vibramycin received FDA approval in 1967, becoming Pfizer's first once-a-day broad-spectrum antibiotic. Other brand names include Monodox, Periostat, Vibra-Tabs, Doryx, Vibrox, Adoxa®, Doxyhexal and Atridox (topical doxycycline hyclate for Periodontitis).

As well as the general indications for all members of the tetracycline antibiotics group, Doxycycline is frequently used to treat chronic prostatitis, sinusitis, syphilis, chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory diseases, acne and rosacea. In addition it is used in the treatment and prophylaxis of Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and in prophylaxis against maltia. It should not be used alone for initial treatment of malaria, even when the parasite is doxycyline-sensitive, because the antimalarial effect of doxycyline is delayed. This delay is related to its mechanism of action. Its mechanism of action against malaria is to specifically impair in the progeny the apicoplast genes resulting in their abnormal cell division.

Tetracycline

Tetracycline (Sumycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces bacterium, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. It is commonly used to treat acne and now used to treat chlamydia and other infections. It is sold under the brand names Sumycin, Terramycin, Tetracyn, and Panmycin, among others. Actisite is a thread-like fiber form, used in dental applications. It is also used to produce several semi-synthetic derivatives, which together are known as the Tetracycline antibiotics group.

Erythromycin

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic which has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins. For respiratory tract infections, it has better coverage of atypical organisms, including mycoplasma and Legionellosis. It is also used to treat outbreaks of chlamydia, syphilis, acne, and gonorrhea. Structurally, this macrocyclic compound contains a 14-membered lactone ring with ten asymmetric centers and two sugars (L-cladinose and D-desoamine), making it a compound very difficult to produce via synthetic methods.

Ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is an antibiotic in a group of drugs called fluoroquinolones (flor-o-KWIN-o-lones). It is used to fight bacteria in the body. Ciprofloxacin is used to treat different types of bacterial infections. It may also be used to prevent or slow anthrax after exposure. You should not use ciprofloxacin if you are taking tizanidine (Zanaflex), if you have a history of myasthenia gravis, or if you are allergic to ciprofloxacin (Cipro) or similar antibiotics such as gemifloxacin (Factive), levofloxacin (Levaquin), moxifloxacin (Avelox), norfloxacin (Noroxin), and others.

Ofloxacin

Ofloxacin (Floxin) is an antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics which includes levofloxacin (Levaquin), ciprofloxacin (Cipro), gatifloxacin (Tequin), norfloxacin (Noroxin), moxifloxacin (Avelox), trovafloxacin (Trovan) and others. Ofloxacin stops the multiplication of bacteria by inhibiting the reproduction and repair of their genetic material (DNA). The FDA approved ofloxacin in December 1990.

Azithromycin

Azithromycin (Zithromax) is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic chemically related to erythromycin and clarithromycin (Biaxin). It is effective against a wide variety of bacteria such as Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, mycobacterium avium, and many others. Azithromycin, like all macrolide antibiotics, prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their ability to make proteins. Due to the differences in the way proteins are made in bacteria and humans, the macrolide antibiotics do not interfere with production of proteins in humans. It is an unusual antibiotic in that it stays in the body for quite a while (has a long half-life), allowing for once a day dosing and for shorter treatment courses for most infections. The FDA approved azithromycin in November 1991.

Chlamydia Symptoms

Before I go to the main topic about Chlamydia Symptoms let me give a bit overview about Chlamydia. The term Chlamydia refers to an infection by any one of the species in the bacterial genus, Chlamydia - Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia suis, Chlamydia muridarum —but of these, only Chlamydia trachomatis is found in humans.

Chlamydia is an asymptomatic disease for 50-70% of the female population. Of those who have an asymptomatic infection that is not detected by their doctor, approximately half will develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a generic term for infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and/or ovaries. PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive organ, which can later cause serious complications, including chronic pelvicpain, difficulty becoming pregnant, ectopic (tubal) preganancy, and other dangerous complications of pregnancy.

Chlamydia causes 250,000 to 500,000 cases of PID every year in the U.S. Women infected with chlamydia are up to five times more likely to become infected with HIV, if exposed.

Chlamydia is known as the "Silent Epidemic" because in women, it may not cause any symptoms and will linger for months or years before being discovered. Chlamydia Symptoms that may occur include: unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge, pain in the abdomen, painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia), fever, painful urination or the urge to urinate more frequently than usual.

Symptoms

MALE

• burning sensation during urination
• discharge from the penis
• testicular tenderness or pain
• rectal discharge or pain

FEMALE

• vaginal discharge
• burning sensation during urination
• painful sexual intercourse
• symptoms of PID, salpingitis, perihepatitis (liver inflammation similar to hepatitis)
• rectal pain or discharge

Chlamydia Symptoms - Treatment

C. trachomatis infection can be effectively cured with antibiotics once it is detected. Current Centers for Disease Control guidelines provide for the following treatments:

• Doxycycline Hyclate - 100 milligrams three times daily for 2 weeks.

Doxycycline Hyclate (Vibramycin)  is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer, Inc. and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin. Vibramycin received FDA approval in 1967, becoming Pfizer's first once-a-day broad-spectrum antibiotic. Other brand names include Monodox, Vibramycin, Periostat, Vibra-Tabs, Doryx, Vibrox, Adoxa®, Doxyhexal and Atridox (topical doxycycline hyclate for Periodontitis).

• Tetracycline - 250 milligram three times daily for 2 weeks.

Tetracycline (Sumycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces bacterium, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. It is commonly used to treat acne and now used to treat chlamydia and other infections. It is sold under the brand names Sumycin, Terramycin, Tetracyn, and Panmycin, among others. Actisite is a thread-like fiber form, used in dental applications. It is also used to produce several semi-synthetic derivatives, which together are known as the Tetracycline antibiotics group.

• Erythromycin - 500 milligram two times daily for 3 to 4 weeks. *Most recommended

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic which has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins. For respiratory tract infections, it has better coverage of atypical organisms, including mycoplasma and Legionellosis. It is also used to treat outbreaks of chlamydia, syphilis, acne, and gonorrhea. Structurally, this macrocyclic compound contains a 14-membered lactone ring with ten asymmetric centers and two sugars (L-cladinose and D-desoamine), making it a compound very difficult to produce via synthetic methods.

• Ciprofloxacin - 500 milligrams two times daily for 14 days.

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is an antibiotic in a group of drugs called fluoroquinolones (flor-o-KWIN-o-lones). It is used to fight bacteria in the body. Ciprofloxacin is used to treat different types of bacterial infections. It may also be used to prevent or slow anthrax after exposure. You should not use ciprofloxacin if you are taking tizanidine (Zanaflex), if you have a history of myasthenia gravis, or if you are allergic to ciprofloxacin (Cipro) or similar antibiotics such as gemifloxacin (Factive), levofloxacin (Levaquin), moxifloxacin (Avelox), norfloxacin (Noroxin), and others.

• Ofloxacin - 200 milligram three times daily for 2 weeks.

Ofloxacin (Floxin) is an antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics which includes levofloxacin (Levaquin), ciprofloxacin (Cipro), gatifloxacin (Tequin), norfloxacin (Noroxin), moxifloxacin (Avelox), trovafloxacin (Trovan) and others. Ofloxacin (Floxin) stops the multiplication of bacteria by inhibiting the reproduction and repair of their genetic material (DNA). The FDA approved ofloxacin in December 1990.

• Azithromycin - 250 milligram three times daily for 2 weeks.

Azithromycin (Zithromax) is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic chemically related to erythromycin and clarithromycin (Biaxin). It is effective against a wide variety of bacteria such as Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, mycobacterium avium, and many others. Azithromycin, like all macrolide antibiotics, prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their ability to make proteins. Due to the differences in the way proteins are made in bacteria and humans, the macrolide antibiotics do not interfere with production of proteins in humans. It is an unusual antibiotic in that it stays in the body for quite a while (has a long half-life), allowing for once a day dosing and for shorter treatment courses for most infections. The FDA approved azithromycin in November 1991.

These were prescribed according to the content of the medicine and for accuracy you need to follow the prescription above. Please note that after the prescription date you need to take 1 tab every day for maintenance for 3 to 6 months and/or until needed.